When you import CNC machined parts, 板金 components, or welded 組立品 from China, your supplier’s quote will include a three-letter code — EXW、FOB、CIF、DAP、またはDDP. These aren’t just shipping labels. They legally define who pays for freight, who handles customs, who buys insurance, and — critically — いつ正確に損失または損傷のリスクが売り手からあなたに移転するか.
Choosing the wrong Incoterm can quietly add 15-30% to your landed cost in the form of unexpected destination charges, customs brokerage fees, or port handling costs that weren’t in the original quote. This guide explains the six Incoterms you’ll actually encounter when importing from China, with practical examples for manufacturing buyers.
インコタームズとは?
Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are a set of 11 標準ized three-letter trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). The current version — インコタームズ2020 — came into effect on January 1, 2020. Each term defines exactly four things in an international sales contract:
- 引渡場所: Where and when the seller’s obligation to deliver is fulfilled
- リスク移転: The exact moment responsibility for loss or damage shifts from seller to buyer
- 費用配分: Who pays for transport, insurance, customs clearance, and duties
- 通関責任: Who handles export and import formalities
インコタームズを使用する際は必ずバージョンを明記してください。「FOB Shenzhen」だけでなく「FOB Shenzhen, インコタームズ2020」と記述します。これにより、どのバージョンのルールが適用されるかに関する紛争を防げます。
中国輸入で重要な6つのインコタームズ
インコタームズは全部で11種類ありますが、中国から工業製品を輸入する際によく使われるのは6種類のみです。これらは買い手の責任が最大のEXWから売り手の責任が最大のDDPまであります。
| Incoterm | フルネーム | Risk Transfers | Who Pays Freight | Who Handles Import カスタムs | 最適用途 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXW | Ex Works | At seller’s factory gate | Buyer (all of it) | Buyer | Buyers with their own China logistics team — rare for first-time importers |
| FOB | Free On Board | When goods cross the ship’s rail at origin port | Buyer (ocean freight + destination) | Buyer | Most common for sea freight from China — buyer controls shipping |
| CIF | Cost, Insurance & Freight | Same as FOB (at origin port) | Seller (to destination port, incl. insurance) | Buyer | Buyers who want the seller to arrange shipping but accept port-to-port risk |
| DAP | Delivered at Place | At named destination (before unloading) | Seller (to destination) | Buyer | ドアツードア without import clearance — buyer does customs |
| DDP | Delivered Duty Paid | At named destination (after unloading) | Seller (all costs incl. duties) | Seller | Simplest for buyer — seller handles すべて. Often most expensive |
| FCA | Free Carrier | At named place (carrier’s premises) | Buyer (main carriage) | Buyer | Air freight or containerized goods where FOB isn’t appropriate |
EXW(工場渡し)— 最大のコントロール、最大の手間
Under EXW, the seller’s only obligation is to make the goods available at their factory or warehouse. From that point, the buyer is responsible for すべて: loading the truck, export customs clearance in China, freight to the port, ocean/air freight, import customs at destination, duties, taxes, and final delivery.
サプライヤーが好む理由: It’s the cheapest quote — the supplier’s price only covers manufacturing. But that low price is deceptive. If you don’t have a freight forwarder in China who can pick up from the factory and handle export documentation, EXW will cost you more in logistics headaches than you save on the unit price.
実用的なヒント: If a supplier quotes you EXW, ask them to also quote FOB. The difference is typically 2-5% of the order value, and it saves you from arranging factory pickup and Chinese export clearance — two things no overseas buyer should be doing themselves.
FOB(本船渡し)— 海上輸送の業界標準
FOB is the most common Incoterm for CNC parts shipped by sea from China. Under FOB, the seller handles すべて up to and including loading the goods onto the vessel at the origin port (e.g., FOB Shenzhen, FOB Shanghai). The seller clears Chinese export customs. Once the goods are on board, risk and cost transfer to the buyer.
FOB後に買い手が支払うもの: ocean freight, marine insurance (optional but recommended), destination port charges, import customs clearance, import duties/VAT, and final delivery to your warehouse.
BravoFabsでは、FOB深センが標準的な出荷条件です。 We handle factory-to-port logistics, export documentation, and loading. You arrange the ocean freight with your forwarder — or we can recommend one. This gives you control over shipping costs while we handle the China-side 複雑さ.
CIF(運賃・保険料込み条件)—売主が運送を手配する
CIFはFOBと似ていますが、売り手が海上運賃と仕向け港までの最低限の保険料も負担します。リスクは依然として出発港(船舶への積み込み時)で移転するため、海上で貨物が損傷した場合、保険会社に請求することになり、売り手には請求しません。
CIFの落とし穴: The “I” in CIF only covers minimum insurance (typically 110% of invoice value, Institute Cargo Clauses C — the lowest level). It does NOT cover all risks. For CNC parts worth thousands of dollars, buy additional all-risk marine insurance. And remember: CIF does NOT include destination port charges, customs clearance, duties, or final delivery — those are still your responsibility.
DAP(仕向地持込渡し)— 玄関配送、通関はお客様ご自身で行っていただきます。ご自身で行っていただきます。
Under DAP, the seller delivers the goods to your named destination — your warehouse, office, or a specified address — ready for unloading. The seller pays all transport costs to that point. However, 輸入通関、関税、税金は引き続き買い手の責任です.
DAPは、ドアツードア配送の簡便さを望みつつ、自身で輸入通関を処理(または独自の通関業者を利用)しても構わない場合に適した中間的な選択肢です。DDPで問題となり得る通関責任の問題を回避できます。
DDP(関税込み納品)—「オールイン」オプション
DDPは買い手にとって最もシンプルなインコタームズであり、最も高額です。売り手は工場から玄関先まで、貴国の輸入通関、関税、税金を含むすべてを処理します。商品を受け取り、荷降ろしするだけで完了です。
DDPが適している場合: For small prototype orders, first-time importers unfamiliar with customs, or buyers in countries with complex import regulations. The seller’s premium for handling すべて is often worth the time saved.
DDPが適さない場合: For regular production orders. The seller marks up shipping and duties by 10-20%, and once you understand your country’s import process, you can clear customs yourself and save that markup on every order.
BravoFabsの送料見積もり方法
すべてのCNC加工、板金、溶接プロジェクトは以下の条件で見積もります。
| Option | Incoterm | What’s Included | What You Handle |
|---|---|---|---|
| 標準 | FOB Shenzhen | Manufacturing + China export clearance + loading onto vessel | Ocean/air freight + destination customs + delivery |
| ドアツードア | DAP (or DDP on request) | すべて except import customs (DAP) or すべて to your door (DDP) | Import customs only (DAP) or nothing (DDP) |
各見積もりには、単価とインコタームズ別に分類された推定送料の両方が含まれているため、費用の内訳を正確に把握でき、送料の項目に隠れた料金はありません。
重要ポイント
- 必ずインコタームズのバージョンを指定してください。 Write “FOB Shenzhen, インコタームズ2020” — not just “FOB Shenzhen.” The ICC updates these rules periodically, and version ambiguity causes disputes.
- EXWは安く見えますが、実際はそうではありません。 If your supplier quotes EXW, ask for FOB. The 2-5% difference saves you from arranging Chinese factory pickup and export clearance.
- FOBは中国からの海上貨物の標準です。 It gives you control over shipping costs while the seller handles China-side logistics. This is the most common term for CNC parts orders.
- DDPは最も簡単ですが、最も高価です。 Use it for prototypes and first orders. Once you understand your country’s import process, switch to FOB or DAP and save 10-20% on every shipment.
- リスク移転ポイントは、誰が支払うかよりも重要です。 Under CIF, the seller pays freight — but the risk is yours from the moment the goods are loaded at the China port. If the ship sinks, you claim insurance, not the seller.
中国からCNC部品を発送する必要がありますか?明確なインコタームズで見積もりを取得してください。。。。
BravoFabsは提供します CNC加工、板金 fabrication, and 溶接 with transparent FOB Shenzhen pricing. Every quote includes a breakdown by Incoterm — FOB, DAP, or DDP — so you know exactly what you’re paying for manufacturing and what’s shipping. We handle China-side export clearance and documentation. Serving industrial clients in Germany, the US, the UK, and across Europe.
🔗 関連製造サービスと記事
- 精密CNC加工サービス — 3-axis & 5-axis milling, turning, FOB Shenzhen pricing
- カスタム板金加工 — レーザー切断, 曲げ加工, 溶接 with transparent shipping terms
- DHL vs FedEx vs UPS vs SF Express:国際配送ガイド — compare carriers for your shipment
- 金属加工における品質管理 — our QC process that ensures parts are right before they ship
- Tolerance 標準s: ISO 2768 & ASME Y14.5 Guide — specify 公差 right so QC passes first time
